Month: January 2025

Medical is the field of knowledge and practice concerning human health, disease and illness. It is a broad and diverse field, with many subfields of study and specialization. Physicians are trained in the basic sciences of medicine and then may choose to specialize in internal medicine (general medicine), pediatrics, psychiatry, endocrinology, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, surgery, neurology, rheumatology, or urology. In addition to these primary fields of medicine, there are several sub-fields of medical science that contribute to the overall understanding and treatment of disease: anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology, genetics, pathology, physiology, cytology, and embryology. The practice of medicine involves both the medical and social sciences, and relies on a wide range of skills from history and philosophy to art and religion. Until recently, most medicine was an art as well as a science, with practitioners drawing on a variety of sources such as herbalism and the ancient Greek theory of four humours when treating patients. Modern scientific biomedical research and modern medical treatments such as the smallpox vaccine began to replace these pre-scientific traditions in the 19th century. Writing about medicine requires an in-depth knowledge of the subject matter, as well as excellent written communication skills. Articles need to be clear and concise, and they must comply with a number of ethical standards including accuracy, truthfulness, and respect for persons. A large proportion of the world’s population has access to some form of healthcare, with most advanced industrial countries having universal health care systems that provide healthcare for all citizens regardless of their ability to pay. The medical field is also governed by laws and regulations that dictate the conduct of physicians and other healthcare workers. Medical technology is the equipment used to diagnose and treat a patient, or improve their quality of life. It includes everything from tongue depressors and medical gloves to insulin pumps and pacemakers, and is used to save lives across Asia Pacific every day. The rate of advancement in medical science is so fast that it no longer allows for physicians to keep up with the knowledge base required for their specialty. It is estimated that a physician reading 2 articles per day would be more than 800 years behind the current literature by the time they finish their training (1). Medical education is therefore moving away from simple knowledge acquisition towards the need for lifelong learning. Innovative educational technologies such as podcasts and videos with flipped classrooms, mobile devices with apps, video games, and virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are being used to deliver this new kind of medical training.

Health is a complex concept that includes the physical, mental (psychological), and social well-being of an individual. A variety of definitions exist, ranging from a simple biomedical or medical view that defines it as the absence of disease to the World Health Organization’s broader definition that encompasses more than the absence of illness. These definitions differ in their implications for the aims of health promotion. A major difference between the various definitions of health is the degree to which they involve personal choice or responsibility. Some definitions are based on the notion that health is primarily an outcome of the choices individuals make, such as whether to engage in risky behaviors or not. In these cases, health promotion efforts are focused on teaching people to make healthy choices. The notion of a person’s innate capacity to cope with challenges and adversity also influences definitions of health. This is the basis for the concept of resilience, which was first developed by researcher Andrija Stampar. Other definitions of health emphasize the role of social and environmental factors that are beyond the control of individuals. These include factors such as socioeconomic status, which has been shown to influence life expectancy in many countries. In addition, some studies have shown that the quality of the environment can affect health through its effect on exposure to pollutants or stressors. The broadest definition of health, which was adopted by the World Health Organization in 1948, incorporates both the determinants of health and a person’s ability to adapt to a changing environment. The organization’s constitution states that the “enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of all human beings” and that the achievement of this goal depends on the full cooperation of nations. Despite the differences in definitions of health, most authors agree that there is a direct relationship between health and the functioning of individuals within society. Health is dependent on a person’s ability to maintain and protect his or her physical, psychological, and social well-being in the face of adversity, challenges, and change. The concept of health therefore has a direct relation to the quality of a nation’s economic and social welfare systems. When writing a health feature article, it’s important to consider the format and audience of the piece. For example, a short news story about new fad diets might be more suitable for a general interest magazine than an in-depth article on the effects of a particular diet. In addition, a health article about a women’s issue might be more appropriate for a magazine targeting that population rather than a general women’s interest publication. The same applies to the target audience of an in-depth study on a particular treatment or condition.

As medicine experts, pharmacists are at the heart of healthcare. They work directly with patients, helping them understand their prescriptions and use their medicines effectively. They also offer advice on health issues such as healthy eating, smoking cessation and vaccination. Pharmacists are found in community pharmacies such as Antidote, Life Pharmacy and Unichem; hospital pharmacies; and medical clinics. They are trusted by healthcare professionals to assess medications and prescribe or advise on drug combinations; and they provide accessible, appointment-free services such as vaccinations, blood pressure monitoring, asthma care and cholesterol screening. Pharmacists are uniquely qualified to advise on herbal remedies, supplements and over-the-counter medication. They have knowledge of how different foods, drinks and activities can interact with drugs – so they are the best people to ask for advice on whether your new diet pill will go with your new gym membership, or if a herbal supplement you take for stress is safe when taking your diabetes medications. Pharmacy is a rapidly evolving profession with an expanding scope of practice. There are now specialized pharmacy practice areas such as hematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, critical care, emergency and toxicology; and there are exciting innovations in technology (e.g. e-prescription) and in research (e.g. pharmacogenomics). A career in pharmacy will require a good understanding of the human body and how it reacts to medication, and excellent numeracy and analytical skills. A strong science background is also required, especially chemistry and biology, as well as the ability to think critically and make decisions. During your studies you will need to develop a strong professional network and be able to communicate effectively with both patients and colleagues. You should aim to get as much paid work experience as possible, or volunteer at local hospitals and healthcare settings. This will help you to develop the necessary soft skills for the job, such as working with people, providing medical advice and exercising patience. It will also give you the opportunity to learn how to work as part of a healthcare team and gain a better idea of what it is like to be a pharmacist. When applying to pharmacy school, it is important to prepare extensively for the PCAT exam, which will be one of the main barriers to entry. Getting a high score will demonstrate that you have the right personality for the profession, and that you are committed to it. Liverpool John Moores University has a reputation for excellence in pharmacy and pharmacology, with two of its programmes being ranked in the Top 20 for Pharmacy and Pharmacology in the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2024. It offers four postgraduate pharmaceutical programs, including a Joint PharmD/MBA, which may be a great choice if you want to strengthen your business skills alongside your PharmD qualification. The university also has a strong international community and excellent facilities, including the largest simulated hospital in Europe. Its excellent career outcomes include 95% of graduates finding employment or studying further 15 months after graduation.

Cancer is a disease that starts in cells and can spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is often treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Each type of treatment affects cancer differently. But cancer treatment is constantly improving. That’s one reason why diagnosis and death rates from cancer are dropping yearly. Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things, from bacteria to multicellular organisms like plants and animals. When cells grow and divide too fast, they form growths called tumors. They can also break off and travel to distant places in the blood or lymph system, where they can grow into more tumors and cause serious health problems. Doctors first recognized cancer as a disease when they observed that tumors tended to grow quickly, were able to spread from place to place in the body, and caused health problems. They also noticed that many people who received early treatment for cancer had a better outlook than those who did not receive treatment. A person’s outlook depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as how far it has spread from where it started. When cancer has not spread, it is called localized cancer and may be treated with surgery or other medicines or techniques. When cancer has spread to other parts of the body, it is called metastatic or recurrent cancer and can be harder to treat. It is also more likely to return after treatment has been stopped. The cancer cell’s ability to survive and grow is due to changes in the genes that control how the cell functions. This process is known as mutation and it usually results from natural selection, the force that drives a population to evolve in ways that favor certain traits (e.g., resistance to apoptosis or the ability to evade immune surveillance). Mutations are part of life and can occur in any of our cells. The key is when a mutation in a cell triggers the cell to grow and divide out of control. When a mutation in a cell triggers this uncontrolled growth, old or damaged cells do not die as they should and new cells are formed that can grow and divide without restraint. Normally, cells that divide too often or in an uncontrolled way are killed by the immune system. But when cancer cells develop, they are able to resist this natural process. Cancer cells are also able to grow and survive because they have adaptations that help them thrive in the environment of a tumor. They can adapt by changing how they uptake nutrients, co-opt normal cells to perform their functions, evade immune attack, or produce “public goods” that benefit other tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. When cancer cells develop these adaptations, they gain a kind of evolutionary autonomy and become more like a species than the normal cells in the tissue where they originated. This process of evolution by mutation and natural selection is called speciation.

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Medical is a wide field covering many fields related to human health and disease. In hospitals, a patient is usually cared for by a team of specialists working together. For example, cardiology teams will work with vascular surgery and radiology departments to diagnose and treat patients. Some subspecialties of medicine are: Physicians must be licensed or registered to practice medicine. In most countries, this entails passing medical board exams. In addition, physicians must be trained in evidence-based medicine. This is intended to protect patients from charlatans that practice unproven or dangerous medicine for personal gain. Medicinal herbs, animal parts, and mineral substances were used in prehistoric times as medicines. Modern medicine involves pharmaceuticals and surgical techniques. Some of the main fields in medical science are: Anatomy (or gross anatomy) is concerned with the structure of organisms. Cytology and histology involve studying cells and tissues under a microscope. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry that takes place in living organisms. Biomechanics is the application of the principles of physics and physical chemistry to biological systems. Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields. Epidemiology is the study of diseases and their causes, distribution, and control. Genomics is the study of genes and their role in health and disease. Endocrinology is the study of hormones and their effects on the body. Neurology is concerned with diseases of the nervous system. Psychiatry is the study of mental illness. Vaccines and immunizations are important tools in promoting and protecting human health. In some cases, a vaccine can prevent disease in susceptible individuals while in others it is used to treat existing disease. Medical technology (also known as medtech) is a broad term that includes devices, diagnostics, software and other technologies used in healthcare. It is a complex sector with many different companies, research and development centers, registries and databases across the world. Medtech data is often purpose led rather than integrated and this makes it difficult to cross-reference at a national level. Writing for the medical industry requires a unique set of skills. The writer must be able to communicate complex ideas clearly while using language that is accessible to non-specialists. Medical writers must also be familiar with the latest trends in their field. This can be achieved by reading journals, news articles and social media. Medical writing is a vital part of the world’s healthcare ecosystem. It plays an important role in providing accurate, reliable and trustworthy information to both healthcare professionals and consumers. As such, it is essential that medical writing adheres to rigorous ethical standards. This ensures that the integrity of research is safeguarded while protecting the rights and dignity of participants in clinical studies. Medical writers must also follow standard formats for citing references to avoid confusion and ambiguity. It is best to set an article aside after composing it so that you can view it with fresh eyes. This is the ideal time to identify obfuscating language and unclear structures.

The word health gets thrown around in different ways, from the sense of well-being that comes with an exercise routine to the feeling of relief when a medical procedure cures a chronic illness. It can also refer to an individual’s financial stability, the quality of a nation’s infrastructure or the state of a species’ habitat. In terms of writing an article about Health, the first thing to consider is the format. Whether you are writing a short news piece, an in-depth feature or a profile of an individual researcher, the way you shape your idea will impact how sharply it is focused. Next, it’s important to understand who your audience is. This will help you identify what types of health information and messages are most relevant to them, and how best to communicate them. For example, if you are writing about a new fad diet trend, you may want to write for a women’s health website; if you’re describing the effect of pollution on human health, a science nerd or environmental site would be more appropriate. A third definition of health emphasizes the capacity of individuals to realize their aspirations and meet their needs in a dynamic environment. This is a more holistic concept of health than either of the previous two definitions, but it is not as concrete and measurable as the objective definition of health. It requires assessing the value placed on health by individuals and societies, and measuring the level of risk factors that might cause ill-health in order to make policy decisions. Until recently, the dominant view of health has been that it is defined by the absence of disease or infirmity. This perspective was based on the assumption that medical science can objectively determine whether an individual is healthy or sick; that medical care and public health interventions can be effective in eliminating illness. This view was reinforced by the success of efforts such as well-baby clinics, national investments in biomedical research and construction of hospitals. However, this view of health was limited in its scope and effectiveness because it ignored many of the factors that influence an individual’s ability to avoid disease or cope with it effectively. It did not take into account that an individual’s responses to a disease can vary dramatically from one person to another; or that even a healthy-appearing individual could have a hidden, undetected, life-threatening illness. More recent studies have begun to incorporate the concept of health in its broadest sense, including a person’s capacity to adapt to changes in his or her physical and social environments, genetic endowment and psychological functioning. These concepts are increasingly incorporated into a “field model” of health, which treats health as a dynamic process rather than simply a state. It is an approach that is in keeping with the current scientific understanding of how health is produced, not just consumed. It may be more useful in identifying strategies for improving the health of populations than the traditional, static, objective models that have preceded it.

Pharmacy is a multifaceted profession that is at the heart of healthcare. With aging populations, surging rates of chronic diseases and increasing healthcare costs, pharmacies have a unique role to play in providing ancillary services and pharmaceuticals. The pharmacy industry is projected to continue to grow, which means that pharmacies must be innovative to provide a high-quality patient experience and capitalize on growth opportunities. Pharmacists are experts in the safe use and administration of medication. They are trained to verify prescriptions, confirm that new medications won’t interact with current ones, educate patients on how and when to take their medication, and answer any questions that they might have. Pharmacists are also responsible for the dispensing of prescription and over-the-counter drugs, herbal products, and dietary supplements. They also provide a range of other health care services such as administering vaccinations and teaching patients about healthy lifestyle habits. The pharmacy profession requires a highly skilled workforce that has both a deep understanding of the chemistry of drug entities and an in-depth knowledge of the delivery characteristics of dosage formulations, the physiologic and pharmacologic outcomes of drug interactions with human body systems, and the social contexts in which medication is used. They must also be able to identify, monitor, initiate and modify drug therapy to produce desired therapeutic outcomes at a reasonable cost. Pharmacy is a complex, patient-centered and outcome-oriented practice that requires pharmacists to work in concert with their patients and their healthcare providers. It involves the collection and analysis of subjective and objective data regarding the patient’s general health, diet, exercise, medical history, existing medications, and economic situation. This information is used to develop, implement, and adjust a comprehensive treatment plan that optimizes patient outcomes. In addition to helping patients understand their medications, pharmacies are a valuable resource for education on healthy lifestyle choices and disease management. They can offer advice on everything from preventing diabetes to managing depression. They can even help you find the best dietary supplement for your specific needs. The ability to access a pharmacist at the touch of a button has become a necessity for many people. With a virtual pharmacy solution, you can connect your employees with a team of pharmacy professionals no matter where they are in the country. Whether they’re in urban Miami or rural Montana, your virtual pharmacy platform can provide them with the same quality of care that they would get at their local store. In fact, you can even ensure that members don’t run out of their prescribed medication by offering automated reorders of any refills that are due. This allows the member to get their medication right before they run out, so that they can stay on track with their health goals and avoid unnecessary delays in getting the proper treatment they need. This is just one of the ways that a virtual pharmacy can improve your employee engagement and satisfaction.

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Cancer is a disease that occurs when genes that manage cell activity become mutated. Cancer cells multiply and grow without control, spreading to nearby tissues or traveling through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body where they can form new tumors. Eventually, cancers interfere with the normal functions of tissues, organs and the entire body. The result is a complex mix of signs and symptoms that can be difficult to distinguish from other diseases. Cancers may be benign (not causing symptoms) or malignant (causing symptoms). It is now understood that cancer develops when normal cells become mutated and lose the ability to stop growing or die. These mutations can be caused by many things, including cigarette smoking, radiation exposure and certain infections (such as Epstein-Barr virus infection, herpes viruses or human papillomavirus). It is also possible that cancers develop for no apparent reason. Until recently, scientists believed that the mutations that cause cancer occur randomly in normal cells. This led to the view that cancers were essentially genetic disorders. However, more recent research has shown that the mutations that cause cancer are more likely to occur as a result of a series of events. These are called oncogenic events and include overexpression of cell growth factors, chromosome instability, abnormal DNA replication and activation of an enzyme that keeps chromosomes from being damaged during cell division. In addition, oncogenic events can cause normal cells to acquire traits that are characteristic of cancer cells. These oncogenic events can be caused by environmental factors such as excessive sun exposure and overexposure to carcinogenic chemicals. Infections with certain bacteria, viruses and parasites may also increase the risk of developing cancer. In addition, genetic and hormonal factors can contribute to cancer development. All cancers start in cells that were once part of healthy tissues, such as breast or colon cells. Cancers often appear as lumps or masses of cells. Some types of cancer grow very fast, while others grow more slowly. Some cancers spread from one part of the body to another, while others stay local. When cancer is found, it can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Treatments can reduce a person’s symptoms, improve their quality of life and help them live longer. When cancer is caught early, it tends to be smaller and more easily treatable. In general, a cancer must be more than a million cells in size or spread to other parts of the body before it is usually detectable by doctors. Cancers that begin in blood or bone marrow, such as leukemias and lymphomas, are sometimes detectable by laboratory tests before they are noticeable to people. Most cancers can be prevented by practicing safe habits, such as not smoking, getting regular screenings with mammograms or colonoscopies and avoiding overexposure to sunlight. It is also important to get immunized against common infectious agents that can cause cancer. A person’s chances of surviving cancer depend on how soon it is diagnosed, whether they receive treatment and how well their treatment works.