Cancer isn’t just one disease — there are more than 100 different kinds. Each type of cancer has its own characteristics, how it grows and spreads in the body, what kind of symptoms it causes, and whether or not it can be cured. Some cancers are easier to treat than others. But no matter what kind of cancer you have, it is always important to seek treatment as soon as possible because the sooner you get diagnosed, the better your chances are of being cured. Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow and divide without control or order. This abnormal growth can form a mass of abnormal cells, known as a tumour. Cancer can also spread from the place where it starts to other parts of the body through the bloodstream and lymphatic system. This process is called metastasis. All the cells in your body have a control centre called a nucleus that holds genes, which are long strings of coded messages that tell the cell how to behave. Sometimes changes (mutations) in the genes can happen, causing cells to start growing and multiplying out of control and developing into cancer. These abnormal cells can then outnumber the normal cells in an area and cause tumours to grow and spread. There are many things that can cause cancer, including ageing, inherited faulty genes and certain viruses. But most cancers develop due to a mix of genes and lifestyle factors, such as smoking tobacco, being overweight, drinking alcohol, exposure to radiation and infections with viruses like Hepatitis B and the human papilloma virus (HPV). Some cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk factors. The immune system is a network of organs and cells that protect the body against infection and disease. It is made up of lymph nodes, spleen and the thymus, as well as white blood cells that attack germs. Some cancers can start in cells that make up the immune system, for example cancers of the lymphatic system and leukaemia. Other cancers can start in other types of cells, for example cancers that grow from the bones and connective tissue, such as sarcoma, or from germ cells, such as seminoma and dysgerminoma. Symptoms of cancer depend on the type and location of the tumour, but most cancers have at least one common sign: pain that doesn’t go away. This includes nagging pain that doesn’t respond to treatment, persistent coughing or a lump in the breast. If you have any of these symptoms for more than a few weeks or they worsen, see your doctor. Managing symptoms is an important part of cancer treatment. But it is also important to try and prevent symptoms from happening in the first place. You can do this by getting regular check-ups, being aware of the 7 warning signs of cancer and visiting your doctor if you notice any new or persisting symptoms that don’t go away.

Medicine is a profession and practice that involves treating diseases, illnesses and injuries. Historically, it was often seen as an art (requiring creativity and skill), with roots in religion and philosophy, such as herbalism and the Greek “four humours”. Increasingly, it has become a science, requiring sophisticated research and analysis. This shift was accelerated by the fourteenth and fifteenth century Black Death pandemic, the rise of universities and the Catholic Church, and advances such as Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine, Robert Koch’s discovery of bacteria, and the invention of antibiotics. There are a number of different fields in medicine, and each has its own sub-disciplines. For example, biochemistry is the study of chemical components of living cells and organisms. The branch of medicine known as pathology is the scientific diagnosis of disease, using tissue samples to determine the cause and course of a disorder. Clinical pharmacology is the medical and scientific study of pharmaceutical medications, including where they come from, how they work, and their side effects. The field of radiology uses X-rays to diagnose and treat diseases. The discipline of neuroscience is the scientific study of the brain and spinal cord. This includes their anatomy and physiology, as well as the neural mechanisms that control movement and emotion. There are also some medical specialties that apply biological science to human behaviour, such as behavioural medicine and psychotherapy. Another medical field is forensic medicine, which studies questions of criminal law and evidence, such as determination of time of death, the type of weapon used to inflict injury, and facial reconstruction to aid identification. A forensic scientist may be involved in the preservation and collection of human remains. Most countries have laws governing the training and accreditation of doctors. This generally requires a medical degree from a university and registration with a medical board or equivalent organisation, who may require a doctor to pass exams. The laws are intended to restrict the practice of medicine to those who are trained and qualified to do so, as a protection against charlatans who practise unproven therapies for financial gain. There are also a wide variety of medical ethics, which are concerned with moral issues that arise in the practice of medicine. These include ethical dilemmas that can arise when the values of a patient or their family conflict with those of the hospital staff. They can also involve conflicts between the medical community and wider society, or even within a single hospital. In some cases, no clear answer to a moral question exists, and the matter is left to the discretion of the individual doctor. These matters are discussed in medical journals and at conferences. Medical coding is performed all over the world, with most countries using an official set of codes established by the World Health Organization and modified by each country to suit their own needs. These codes are based on the International Classification of Diseases, and include everything from conditions and diseases to poisons, neoplasms, injuries, causes of accidents, etc.

Health refers to an individual’s emotional, mental and physical well-being. Healthcare exists to help people stay healthy and cope with the effects of disease, illness or injury. Health is also a key factor in managing stress and achieving a balanced lifestyle. In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This definition has since become a foundation for the organization’s work. However, a simple definition of health does not always suffice for understanding how health works and the factors that determine it. The prevailing negative conception of health is not adequate in an era marked by rapid advances in our understanding of disease processes at molecular and personal levels, and the knowledge that it may never be possible to achieve risk-free wellbeing. The concept of allostasis provides a more appropriate framework for understanding health and disease. This theory defines health as the ability to adapt to environmental stresses and defines disease as a loss of this adaptive capacity. This new perspective on health is the basis of a growing body of scientific research and offers a more principled, holistic view of human health than the traditional, mechanistic approach that underpins many medical practices today. A person’s health is determined by a complex interaction of genetic, biological, social and environmental factors. Some of these factors are within the control of the individual, such as choices they make about their lifestyle and habits. However, others are not. For example, a genetic tendency towards a disease can be triggered by an environmental factor, such as exposure to an infectious organism. It is therefore difficult to achieve a universally agreed definition of health, as it depends on each individual’s assessment of their own situation and their own preferences and values. These assessments are shaped throughout life by the influence of parents, friends, teachers, the media, laws and one’s own past experiences and life course. Changing the position of health on these scales would require efforts not only to remove diseases and diminish risk factors but also to change the values of society as a whole. The definition of health a person has may be influenced by the place it occupies on the scale of values that they have established for themselves, which can be influenced by many factors, including the quality of healthcare available, and the extent to which people value their own health and the importance they attach to preventing disease. A high esteem for health will lead to people undertaking whatever they need to do to promote it, including seeking treatment for illness and taking preventive measures. The result is that health becomes a normal part of daily living. This is an ideal that can be achieved, but it is not a task for the healthcare sector alone to undertake. It needs the full involvement of everyone in the community.

Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, and monitoring medications to ensure safe, effective, and affordable treatment. The practice of pharmacy is unique because it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences. Pharmacists are licensed health care professionals who work in pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, medical offices, universities, and governmental facilities to fill prescriptions and help patients with questions about medication and side effects. They also play an important role in drug research and development. While people have been using plants and other natural substances as medicines for thousands of years, professional pharmacy began to emerge in the mid-nineteenth century. Pharmacy is now a complex and specialized field that requires extensive training and knowledge of both the scientific and medical aspects of drugs and their proper use. Pharmacy is a demanding career that may require long hours, including evenings and weekends. It’s important for anyone considering a career as a pharmacist to think through their motivations carefully and be sure that this is the right path for them. In addition, individuals interested in pharmacy should be aware of the educational and licensing requirements in their state. As a pharmacy student, you will likely need to have a high school diploma or equivalent and complete college-level courses in chemistry, biology, mathematics, and physics. You’ll then need to graduate from an accredited pharmacy school and pass both the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) and the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination (MPJE). After you’ve passed these exams, you can become licensed by your state board of pharmacy. Pharmacy students often participate in experiential education, which means that they work in health care settings alongside experienced pharmacists. This can expose them to more health risks than a typical university student. Therefore, all OHSU pharmacy students are required to have high-quality health insurance or request a waiver if they already have coverage that meets the necessary criteria. You can learn more about the OHSU student health insurance program and waiver criteria on the student health insurance website.

Cancer is a disease that develops when cells grow and multiply out of control. It can affect any part of the body, and there are more than 100 different types of cancer. Different types of cancer start in different tissues and organs. Cancer treatments may include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. They can also include changes in your diet and exercise. A person’s genetic code provides the instructions that tell cells when to grow and die. If a gene mutates, causing the instructions to become distorted, that person may be at higher risk of developing cancer. Mutations can occur randomly or be passed down from parents. Some genes have a more protective effect against cancer than others. All cancers begin when some cells in the body become abnormal and start to divide without stopping. This process happens millions of times each day. Then the resulting new cells can grow and spread into other parts of the body. Eventually, the cells form a lump of tissue called a tumor. Cancer can cause severe pain, loss of mobility, and death. The earliest sense of the word “cancer” dates back millennia. In the early 19th century, doctors noticed that some tissues in the body seemed to grow and spread out of control. Today, scientists know that cancer is the result of mutations in DNA and changes in other cells’ normal controls. Cancer cells also change their own structure and function. Normally, when one cell in the body starts growing out of control, other cells will stop that growth by sending signals that tell the cell to either stop growing or die (a process known as programmed cell death or apoptosis). Cancer cells ignore these signals and continue to grow. They can also escape from their original tissue and invade other areas of the body. As cancer cells grow and expand, they can crowd out normal cells. This disrupts organs and body functions and causes pain, inflammation, and cancer-related syndromes like cachexia. Cancers can also disrupt families and relationships. Cancers can be prevented by eating a healthy diet and getting plenty of exercise. People can cut their risk of certain cancers by not smoking and limiting their alcohol intake. A diet high in fruits, vegetables and whole grains can help prevent some cancers. Avoiding red and processed meats can reduce the risk of other cancers. A person should try to get at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week. Taking a walk, going on a bike ride or playing pickle ball a few times a week can help. Natural selection is the process that gives rise to heritable variations within a population, including those associated with cancer. The emergence and evolution of heritable traits in cancer cells is why it’s important to include “natural selection” as a defining characteristic of cancer.

Medical is a broad term that encompasses the science and art of healing. It can also refer to a patient’s condition or a medical journal article about one. The science of medicine is constantly evolving. Throughout the centuries, physicians have improved upon or disproved the theories of their predecessors in order to improve patient care and advance medical knowledge. This reexamination of traditional authority, which is reflected in the titles of Materia Medica and Pharmacopeia, has helped create the modern healthcare system we know today. There are 30,000 medical journals published worldwide. Some, like The New England Journal of Medicine and JAMA, are household names. The National Library of Medicine maintains an online database called PubMed that allows people to search for medical research studies on a variety of diseases, illnesses, injuries, and treatments. The primary audience for medical journals are doctors, scientists, and medical students. However, anyone with an interest in the subject matter can read a medical journal if they have access to a library with subscriptions to these publications or through a paid subscription to a service such as Medline Plus. Mastering the vocabulary of the medical field can be a daunting task for future healthcare workers, especially those who plan to work in the clinical side of the industry, such as a medical sonographer or magnetic resonance imaging technologist. There are thousands of medical terms related to anatomy, conditions, diseases, and surgical procedures. Some, such as osteochondrodysplasia, are practically unpronounceable. But understanding how to break down and pronounce medical terminology will help future healthcare professionals understand this specialized language better. Medical terms are derived from ancient Greek and Latin roots. Those roots can be broken down into recognizable components, making it easier to remember and understand the words. For instance, the word integumentary system can be broken down to its components: skin, musculoskeletal, and urinary. The combining vowel in each of these word parts is important because it distinguishes these types of terms from others, such as the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems. Medical journal articles can be categorized into several different departments, each with its own style and audience. Some articles are clinical vignettes, describing specific patient cases and outcomes. Other articles are more research-based and include randomized controlled trials. Still others are systematic reviews, which use an organized method to find, bring together, and evaluate a set of research studies on a particular topic. Other article types are editorials and commentary pieces. The key is to match your manuscript to the correct department to maximize its potential for publication.

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It is a concept that has evolved from a medical view of disease and treatment to a more holistic notion of health that encompasses individual and community action, behavior change, and social support to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent diseases or injuries. Many things can affect health, ranging from the environmental to the genetic. Some of these factors are under the individual’s control, such as smoking or drinking too much, while others are beyond his or her direct control, such as inherited diseases. Many people also believe that a person’s life-style can significantly affect his or her level of wellness, and that it is possible to achieve a higher level of health by adopting certain lifestyle habits. In the past, health was often viewed as synonymous with good nutrition and regular exercise. In addition, some cultures regarded their sturdiest members as those who had the most children and did not suffer from diseases such as cancer or tuberculosis. However, the definition of health has changed with new insights into disease processes at molecular and cellular levels. Health, as a concept of total well-being, has emerged as a result of these developments and has become the basis for public health policy. There is now more emphasis on prevention of disease by avoiding risk factors such as smoking, high-fat diets, and excessive stress. Health and wellness are also related to a person’s social and spiritual activities, and the ability to adapt to changing environments and internal or external circumstances. In addition, the 2010 Global Burden of Disease study provides keys for quantifiable health metrics by developing statistical tools for calculating healthy life expectancy. As health promotion has gained ground, the focus of health research has moved away from a negative concept of disease to one that includes an understanding of the dynamics of pathogenesis at both the microbiological and socioeconomic levels. This shift is reflected in the constitution of the World Health Organization, which states that “health is a state of well being and not merely the absence of disease or sickness.” As with finding great ideas for articles, it’s important to spend time carefully considering what kind of format you want your article to take. Is it a short news piece, an in-depth feature, or maybe a profile of a researcher studying a particular disease? It’s a big step to make, but doing this will help you to focus your ideas and to come up with an article that will really connect with your audience.

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A pharmacy is a store that sells medicinal products and provides advice about their use. The products sold are usually medications and healthcare supplements, although they may also include toiletries and cosmetics. Some pharmacies are based in hospitals or medical centres, while others are standalone retail outlets. In most countries, pharmacists are licensed to dispense medications and advice. They are often required to take part in continuous professional development. This is to ensure that they are up to date on new medicines and their interactions with other drugs and health conditions. In some cases, a pharmacist may advise a patient on lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. This advice is often based on research in addition to their professional knowledge of the medicines they stock. In the 1950s, the role of a pharmacist changed with the advent of science-based education in pharmacy schools. Pharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry and pharmacology were established as the foundation sciences for education. This was done to deemphasize apprenticeship training and make pharmacy a true science-based profession. Many people have questions about how to take their medication and what side effects they might experience. In this case, it is essential that the pharmacist be informed and able to provide clear guidance. A good way to do this is through a video consultation system. In addition, a virtual pharmacy can offer other services such as translation and multilingual support. This can help people from different cultural backgrounds understand the information provided and make the right choices for their medication. The emergence of the Internet as a medium for business has led to the creation of online pharmacies. These sites can be accessed via desktop computers, laptops and mobile phones. They offer a range of benefits, including convenience and security. They are also regulated and backed by the pharmaceutical industry. In the United States, for example, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) regulates these sites. There are some concerns about online pharmacies, including the risk of counterfeit drugs and unlicensed pharmacies. Some of these sites have been found to charge suspiciously low prices for medicines. They also lack a physical address, making it difficult to verify their legitimacy. In addition, some of these sites are known to be scams. In a digital age, a virtual pharmacy can offer services that are more convenient for patients. For example, they can offer a free, secure online consultation service. This allows the pharmacist to communicate with patients remotely without having to travel to their local pharmacy or hospital. This helps to reduce costs and improve patient outcomes. It can also provide a valuable tool to enhance the efficiency of staff in hospitals, clinics and other medical environments. This is especially important for remote regions where staff can be scarce. However, it is crucial to note that the virtual pharmacy must work closely with onsite teams to avoid disruptions and to ensure patients get the best possible care.

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